PRAGUE GROSCHEN IN THE RESEARCH OF CZECH NUMISMATICS

  • Oleksandr Potyl’chak Dr. hab. Prof. Head of department of Original and Special Historical Sciences of the Faculty of History Education, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University (Kyiv, Ukraine)
  • Vladyslav Herasymenko postgraduate student of Department of Original and Special Historical Sciences of the Faculty of History Education, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Keywords: money circulation, historiography, Prague groschen, numismatic research, Czech Republic.

Abstract

The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the formation, development and current state of research in Czech numismatics of
the XIX - early XXI centuries in the context of coinage, penetration and use of Prague
groschen as a means of payment in Central and Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. The research methodology is outlined by the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity, and the main methods used in the study were historiographic analysis and historiographic synthesis, as well as general scientific methods of generalization and systematization. The scientific novelty is determined by the attempt to comprehensively analyze and generalize the historiographical achievements of Czech numismatics in the context of the problem of the participation of Prague money in the circulation of Central and Eastern Europe in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. The process of formation, development and current state of Czech and Slovak numismatics in the study of chronology and geography of Grossi pragenses penetration into the coin markets of Central and Eastern Europe in the
XIV-XV centuries are considered. The authors have singled out periodization of the historiographical process of numismatic research of the outlined problem is formulated and substantiated, the range of issues that need further study and scientific interpretation.
Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical work outlined in the topic of the article allows distinguishing three consecutive periods of numismatic research on the issue of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. The first period of Czech and Slovak historiography of the problem covers the 80's of the XIX - 30's of the XX century. Beginning with sporadic attempts to describe and register the known types of Prague groschen minted by Czech kings from Wenceslas II (1278-1305) to Ferdinand I (1526-1562). At the beginning of the twentieth century, these studies grew into purposeful scientific cataloguing, study, and systematization of metrological indicators of coins, details of their images, legends, and countermarks. Special studies of the preconditions for the preparation and conduct of the monetary reform of Wenceslas II, the rate of coins minted by him, and the peculiarities of the issuance policy of this monarch were begun. At the same time, a description of the stamp versions of Vladislav II's money (1471-1516) was initiated. However, the technical imperfection of the equipment for visual inspection and photo-fixation of numismatic material at that time often caused incomplete or inaccurate data. The second period of numismatic research on our topic covered the 1950s - early 1990s. At this time there is not only an expansion of the study of the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen but also qualitative changes in the methodology of numismatic research. The stamp varieties and chronology of the issue of Prague groschen, including those minted during the reigns of John of Luxembourg, Wenceslas IV and Charles IV, Wladyslaw II, and Louis I, have been studied. Scholars described and analyzed countermarks (overprinting) on coins, drew attention to the historical and art analysis of the iconography of Prague groschen; the quality of coinage. The third, modern period of development of Czech and Slovak numismatic studies on the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen began in the first half of the 1990s. This historiographical period differs from the previous ones primarily by the intensive replenishment of the database of numismatic sources on the topic. On the other hand, the study of coinage and circulation of Prague groschen from purely historical or numismatic grow into interdisciplinary, increasingly numismatists, to search or confirm data, use not only relevant methods of numismatics (methods of stamping and comparative analysis, topography of treasures and individual coins). allocation of periods of money circulation, methods of analysis of the composition of coin treasures), complex methods of special historical disciplines, but also modern non-destructive methods of natural sciences (Physico-chemical analysis of coin metal, spectral research, etc.). Technical perfection of modern devices used by scientists for visual inspection and macro photography of coins facilitates complete research. The current stage of research of Czech numismatists in the field of our problem is characterized by a combination of research efforts in the study of some theoretical and applied issues of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. In particular, data on recently discovered treasures of Prague groschen are published, the history of their minting in the archaic period (1300-1385) is studied, and little-known and previously unknown variants of stamps of these coins are studied. The new source base describes the technological and typological features of numerous coinage varieties of Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV (1378-1419) and Ferdinand I (1526-1562), coins are arranged in detail by type and catalogued. A separate area of numismatic research became the issue of counterfeiting Prague groschen.

References

Castelin, K. (1953). Česká drobná mince doby předhusitské a husitské 1300-1471 [Czech coins of the pre-Hussite and Hussite period 1300-1471]. Praha: Nakladatelství československé akademie věd. [in Czech].

Саstelin, K. (1960). O chronologii pražkych grošů Jana Lucemburského [On the chronology of the Prague groschen of John of Luxembourg]. Numismatický sborník, 6, 129-167. [in Czech].

Castelin, K. (1962). Kontramarky pražských grošů [Locksmiths of Prague groschen]. Numismatické listy, 3-4, 71-94. [in Czech].

Castelin, K. (1973). Grossus Pragensis. Der Prager Groschen und seine Teilstücke, 1300-1547 [Grossus Pragensis. The Prague Groschen and its faction 1300-1547]. Verlag Klinkhardt & Biermann. Braunschweig. [in German].

Chvojka, J. (1997). Pražské groše Ferdinanda I [Prague groschen of Ferdinand I]. Praha: Česká numismatická společnost. Pobočka Praha. [in Czech].

Cycoňová, L., & Richtera, L. (2015). Nové typologické řazení pražských grošů Jiřího z Poděbrad (1458-1471) [New typological classification of Prague groschen by Jiří z Poděbrad (1458-1471)]. Numismatické listy, 70 (3-4), 114-131. [in Czech].

Cycoňová, L. (2012). Nepopsaná varianta pražského groše Karla IV [An undescribed variant of the Prague groschen of Charles IV]. Denarius: numizmatický časopis, 2, 36. [in Czech].

Cycoňová, L. (2012). Nepopsané varianty atypických pražských grošů Václava IV [Undescribed variants of atypical Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV]. Denarius: numizmatický časopis, 2, 37-40. [in Czech].

Cycoňová, L. (2014). Pražské groše Vladislava II., 3 varianty typu Hásková XXIII [Prague groschen of Vladislav II., 3 variants of the type Hásková XXIII]. Denarius: numizmatický časopis, 4, 77-78. [in Czech].

Cihlář, J., Richtera, L., Zmrzlý, M., & Jeřábek, T. (2013). Dobové paděky pražských grošu Václava II [Contemporaneus counterfeits of Prague grouches of Wenceslas II]. Folia Numismatica, 27-1, 107-126. [in Czech].

Čermák, K. (1882). O českých penězích do roku 1526 [About Czech money until 1526]. Tiskem J. Otty v Praze, nákladem vlastním. Čáslav. [in Czech].

Černohorský, O., Havrlant, J., & Richtera, L. (2017). Nález pražského groše Vladislava II. Jagellonského na k. ú. Markvarec u Hřivic (okr. Louny) [Finding of the Prague grouches of Vladislav II. Jagiello from surroundings of Markvarec u Hřivic (Louny district)]. Numismatický sborník, 31-1, 136-142. [in Czech].

Černohorský, O., & Prostináková, L. (2017). Depot pražských grošů Václava II. a Jana Lucemburského z Fojtovic (okr. Teplice) [Depot of Prague groschen of Wenceslaus II. and John of Luxembourg from Fojtovice (Teplice district)]. Numismatický sborník, 31-2, 298-304. [in Czech].

Černohorský, O. (2021). Typologie pražských grošů Vladislava II. Jagellonského. Česká numismatická společnost. Pobočka Pražke groše. Retrieved from https://cnspg.cz/index.php?section=19&articleID=125&action=showFull (17.01.2021) [in Czech].

Hásková, J. (1971). Pražské groše z let 1471-1526 Vladislav II – Ludvík I [Prague groschen from 1471-1526 Vladislav II - Louis I]. Hradec Králové: ČNS pobočka Hradec Králové. [in Czech].

Hásková, J. (1991). České, moravské a slezské mince 10. – 20. Století – Pražské groše 1300-1526 [Czech, Moravian and Silesian coins of the 10th - 20th Century – Prague groschen 1300-1526]. Národní muzeum – Chaurova sbírka. Sv. III Pražské groše (1300-1526). Praha: Národní muzeum v Praze: Česká numismatická společnost [in Czech].

Hána, J. (1999). Rubní značky pražských grošů a zajímavá varianta pražského groše Václava IV [Reverse marks of Prague groschen and an interesting variant of the Prague groschen of Wenceslaus IV]. Numismatické listy, LIV, 1-8. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (2002). Pražské groše a jejich rubní značky [Prague groschen and their reverse mark]. Merkur Revue, 5, 28-30. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (2002). Pražský groš s dvojitou rubní značkou [Prague groschen with a double reverse mark]. Numismatické listy, LVII, 51-52. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (1999). K otázce rubních značek pražských grošů a přísečnické mincovny (diskusní poznámka) [On the issue of the reverse marks of the Prague groschen and the Mint of Přísečnice (discussion remark)]. Numismatické listy, LIV, 174-175. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (2003). Pražské groše Václava IV. z let 1378-1419. [Prague groschen of Wenceslaus IV. 1378-1419]. Plzeň: Vlastivědné muzeum dr. Karla Hostaše v Klatovech. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (2004). Další exemplář nejstaršího typu pražského groše Karla IV [Another specimen of the oldest type of Prague groschen of Charles IV]. Sběratelské zprávy, 108, 241-244. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (2006). Několik neznámých variant pražských grošů jagellonského období [Several unknown variants of the Prague groschen of the Jagiellonian period]. Numismatický sborník, 21, 191-195. [in Czech].

Hána, J., Korený, R., & Militký, J. (2006). Depot pražských grošů Václava IV. z Mašova (okr. Příbram) [Depot of Prague groschen of Wenceslaus IV. from Mašov (district Příbram)]. Numismatický sborník, 21, 256-266. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (2007). Úvahy o typologii a chronologii pražských grošů Jana Lucemburského [Considerations on the typology and chronology of the Prague groschen of John of Luxembourg]. Numismatický sborník, 22, 107-114. [in Czech].

Hána, J. (2009). O paralelnosti typových řad pražských grošů Jana Lucemburského a Karla IV [On the parallels of the typological series of Prague money of John of Luxembourg and Charle IV]. Mince a bankovky, 1, 38-40. [in Czech].

Hána, J., Militký. J., & Vařeka, P. (2013). Poklad pražských grošů Karla IV a Václava IV [The treasure of the Prague groschen of Charles IV and Wenceslas IV]. Numismatický sborník, 37-1, 77-93. [in Czech].

Katz ,V. (1980). A Thousand Years of Bohemian Official Coinage (929-1929). 2nd Ed. (reprint 1929). Sunford J. Durst numismatic publications. New-York. [in English].

Katz, V. (1927). Kontramarky na pražských groších [Locksmiths on Prague groschen]. Praha: Nákladem Numismatické společnosti československé. [in Czech].

Kučera, L., Cycoňová, L. (2013). Hromadný nález 63 pražských grošů se dvěma neobvyklými kusy [Mass finding of 63 Prague groschen with two unusual specimens]. Folia numismatica: supplementum ad Acta Musei Moraviae, 27-1, 171-177.

Kozubovsʹkyy, H. (2010). Prazʹki hroshi XIV-XV st. z arkheolohichnykh pam’yatok Ukrayiny [The Prague Grochen from the archeological sites of Ukraine]. Arkheolohiya [Archeology], 4, 60-69. [in Ukrainian].

Kozubovsʹkyy, H. (2012). Dani numizmatyky pro torhovelʹni shlyakhy v Ukrayini v seredyni XIV st. [The numismatic evidence for trade routs in Ukraine in the middle of the 14th c.]. Arkheolohiya [Archeology], 3, 75-82. [in Ukrainian].

Kozubovsʹkyy, H. (2012). Pro shlyakhy nadkhodzhennya prazʹkykh hroshiv do Skhidnoyi Yevropy (ХІV-ХV ст.) [On the ways of receipt of Prague Grochen in Eastern Europe (XIV-XV centuries.)]. Ukrayinsʹkyy istorychnyy zhurnal [Ukrainian Historical Journal], 5, 39-51. [in Ukrainian].

Khromov, K. (2019). Blukayuchy shlyakhamy «ViaTatarica» (problemy vyznachennya torhovykh shlyakhiv dzhuchydsʹkoyi doby na terenakh suchasnoyi Ukrayiny) [Wandering along the roads «Via Tatarica» (Problems of identifying the trade routes of the Juchid era in the territory of modern Ukraine)]. Ukrayinsʹkyy numizmatychnyy shchorichnyk [The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual], 3, 53-66. [in Ukrainian].

Nohejlová-Prátová, E. (1955). Krása české mince [The beauty of the Czech coin]. Praha: Orbis. [in Czech].

Nohejlová-Prátová, E. (1960). Pražské groše Václava II. (1300-1305) a české pečete [Prague groschen of Wenceslaus II. (1300-1305) and Czech seals]. Český časopis historický, 1(7), 95-108. [in Czech].

Orlyk, V. (2017). Topohrafiya znakhidok v Ukrayini monet derzhavy Tevtonsʹkoho ordenu v Prussiyi ta yiyi Livonsʹkoho viddilennya (zvedeni vidomosti po oblastyakh) [The Topography of Findings of Coins of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia and its Livonian Branch in Ukraine (summarized information by regions)]. Ukrayinsʹkyy numizmatychnyy shchorichnyk [The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual], 1, 37-74. [in Ukrainian].

Pánek, I. (1973). Stopa mincovní reformy Jana Lucemburskiého [Trace of the Mint Reform of John of Luxembourg]. Numismatické listy, 28, 33-45. [in Czech].

Pátková, H., Jenč, P., & Peša, V. (2017). Depot pražských grošů Jana Lucemburského z Krompachu (okr. Česká Lípa) [Depot of Prague groschen of John of Luxembourg from Krompach (Česká Lípa district)]. Numismatický sborník, 31-1, 118-121. [in Czech].

Pátková, H., Jenč, P., & Peša, V. (2017). Depot pražských grošů Václava IV z Kravař (okr. Česká Lípa) [Depot of Prague groschen of Wenceslaus IV of Kravař (district of Česká Lípa)]. Numismatický sborník, 31-1, 121-123. [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (1969). Pražský groš Ludvíka Jagelonského s chybným opisem [Ludwik Jagiełło's Prague groschen with an incorrect legend]. Numismatické listy, 24/2, 59-60. [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (1973). K jakosti pražských grošů Karla IV [On the quality of Prague groschen of Charles IV]. Numismatické listy, 28/5-6, 149-151. [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (1971). Studie o chronologii pražskych grošů Karla IV z let 1346-1378 [A study of the chronology of the Prague groschen of Charles IV 1346-1378]. Numismatické listy, 28, 71-80. [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (1999). Pražské groše Karla IV. 1346-1378 [Prague groschen of Charles IV. 1346-1378]. Česká Numismatická společnost. Chomutov [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (2002). Vzácná varianta pražského groše Karla IV [A rare variant of the Prague groschen of Charles IV]. Numismatické listy, LVII(4), 105-106. [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (2005). Ještě k nálezu pražských grošů z Hodonína [Still to find the Prague groschen from Hodonín]. Numismatické listy, LX(3), 79-82. [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (2008). Pražský groš Jana Lucemburského s chybným opisem [The Prague groschen of John of Luxembourg with an incorrect legend]. Numismatické listy, LXIII, 117-119. [in Czech].

Pinta, V. (2015). Typologie a chronologie pražských grošů Karla IV. (1346-1378) [Typology and chronology of Prague groschen of Charles IV. (1346-1378)]. Praha: Aurea Numismatika. [in Czech].

Pinta, V., & Kovanic, P. (2000). Přispĕvek k metrologii pražskych grošů [Contribution to the metrology of Prague groschen]. Numismatické listy, LV(5-6), 142-148. [in Czech].

Richtera, L., Cíhlář, J., & Mazík, М. (2015). Zlomek dobového falza pražskěho groše Václava II [A fragment of the contemporaneus counterfeit of the Prague groschen by Wenceslaus II]. Folia Numismatica, 29-1, 159-164. [in Czech].

Richtera, L., Cíhlář, J. (2013). Dvě zajímavé opisové varianty pražských grošů Jana Lucemburského [Two interesting circunsciption variants of the Prague groschen of John of Luxembourg]. Folia Numismatica, 27-1, 89-97. [in Czech].

Richtera, L., & Cihlář, J. (2016) O chybných opisech na pražských grošich Vladislava II. Jagellonskěho s chyboražbou GRATA [About erroneous legend on the Prague groschen of Vladislav II. Jagiello with the GRATA error]. Numismatický sborník, 30-1, 62-68. [in Czech].

Richtera, L., Cíhlář, J., & Zmrzlý, M. (2014). Dve neoficiální grošové ražby se jménem Karla IV [Two unofficial groschen mintage with the name of Charles IV]. Numismatické listy, 69, 29-40. [in Czech].

Richtera, L., & Kulhánek, J. (2017). Nález pražského groše Ludvíka Jagellonského u Volyně (okr. Strakonice) [Finding of the Prague groschen of Ludvicus Jagellon near Volyně (district of Strakonice)]. Numismatický sborník, 31-2, 308-312. [in Czech].

Smolík, J. (1894). Pražské groše a jejich díly: 1300-1547 [Prague groschen and their fractions: 1300-1547]. Praha: Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění. [in Czech].

Smolík, J. (1971). Pražské groše a jejich díly (1300-1547). 2. vyd. (reprint, doplnili Karel Castelin a Ivo Pánek) [Prague groschen and their factions: 1300-1547. 2nd ed. (Reprint, complemented by Karel Castelin and Ivo Pánek)]. Praha: ČNS. [in Czech].

Skalský, G. (1934). Mincovní reforma Václava II [Mint reform of Wenceslaus II]. Český časopis historický, XL, 12-32. [in Czech].

Teisinger, J. (1934). Varianty pražského groše krále Vladislava II. 1471-1516 [Variants of the Prague groschen of King Vladislauv II. 1471-1516]. České Budějovice, nákladem vlastním. [in Czech].

Teisinger, J. (1934). Dodatek I. k soupisu variant pražského groše krále Vladislava II. (1471-1516) [Appendix I to the list of variants of the Prague groschen by King Vladislauv II (1471-1516)]. Numismatický časopis Československý, 10, 25-27. [in Czech].

Vaňouch M. (2016). Pražské groše se jménem Ludvíka I. Typologický rozbor [Prague groschen with the name of Louis I. Typological analysis] Numismatické listy, 71, 13-61. [in Czech].

Veselý, S. (1964). Nález v Jarošovĕ nad Nežárkou (Přispĕvek k chronologii grošů Václava IV) [Find in Jarošov nad Nežárkou (on the chronology of Wenceslaus IV's groschen)]. Numismatický sborník, 8, 19-46. [in Czech].

Veselý, S. (1966). K otázce ražby grašů Václava IV. po roce 1419 [On the question of the minting of groschen by Wenceslaus IV after 1419]. Numismatické listy, 21(3-4), 157-161.

Veselý, S. (1968). Pražské groše Karla IV [Prague groschen of Charles IV]. Numismatický sborník, 10, 123-138.

Vorlová, D. (2002). Hromadný nález pražských grošů z Hradce Králové [A hoard of Prague groschen from Hradec Králové]. Hradec Králové: Muzeum východních Čech v Hradci Králové. [in Czech].

Published
2021-12-30
How to Cite
Potyl’chak, O., & Herasymenko, V. (2021). PRAGUE GROSCHEN IN THE RESEARCH OF CZECH NUMISMATICS. The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, (5), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-281-298